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For more than 50 years, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has maintained its commitment to protecting public health by reducing pollutant emissions and improving air quality. This annual report, titled Our Nation's Air, summarizes the nation's air quality status and trends through 2023.
Sections of this report convey information across different time periods, depending on the underlying data sources. While some are consistently available since 1970, like growth data, our longer-term trends for air quality concentrations start in 1990, when monitoring methodologies became more consistent.
Please read and enjoy the full report below, and be sure to download and share the one page summary using the share button at the top. Additional detail on air trends can be found at EPA's AirTrends website.
Scroll down to read more or use the top menu to jump to a topic. If you encounter any issues viewing content, update or try opening the website in another browser.
Intro
Since 1970, implementation of the Clean Air Act and technological advances from American innovators have dramatically improved air quality in the U.S. Since that time, the combined emissions of criteria and precursor pollutants have dropped by 78%. Cleaner air provides important public health benefits, and we commend our state, local, community and industry partners for helping further long-term improvement in our air quality.
Air Quality Trends Show Clean Air Progress
Nationally, concentrations of air pollutants have dropped significantly since 1990:
- Carbon Monoxide (CO) 8-Hour, 79%
- Lead (Pb) 3-Month Average, 87% (from 2010)
- Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Annual, 62%
- Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 1-Hour, 55%
- Ozone (O3) 8-Hour, 18%
- Particulate Matter 10 microns (PM10) 24-Hour, 29%
- Particulate Matter 2.5 microns (PM2.5) Annual, 37% (from 2000)
- Particulate Matter 2.5 microns (PM2.5) 24-Hour, 29% (from 2000)
- Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 1-Hour, 92%
- Numerous hazardous air pollutants, or air toxics, have declined with percentages varying by pollutant
Despite increases in air concentrations of pollutants associated with fires (carbon monoxide, particle pollution, and ozone), national average air quality concentrations remain below the current, national standards.
Air quality concentrations can vary year to year, influenced not only by pollution emissions but also by natural events, such as dust storms and wildfires , and variations in weather.
Tip Click pollutant names in the chart legend to hide or include trend lines, and hover over any line to display percentages above or below the most recent standard. Click the Emission Totals tab to view emission trends.
Air Pollution Includes Gases and Particles
Air pollution consists of gas and particle contaminants that are present in the atmosphere. Gaseous pollutants include sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and certain toxic air pollutants. Particle pollution (PM2.5 and PM10) includes a mixture of compounds that can be grouped into five major categories: sulfate, nitrate, elemental (black) carbon, organic carbon and crustal material.
Some pollutants are released directly into the atmosphere while other pollutants are formed in the air from chemical reactions. Ground-level ozone forms when emissions of NOx and VOCs react in the presence of sunlight. Air pollution impacts human health and the environment through a variety of pathways.
Understanding Emission Sources Helps Control Air Pollution
Generally, emissions of air pollution come from
- stationary fuel combustion sources (such as electric utilities and industrial boilers)
- industrial and other processes (such as metal smelters, petroleum refineries, cement kilns and dry cleaners)
- highway vehicles
- non-road mobile sources (such as recreational and construction equipment, marine vessels, aircraft and locomotives)
As the chart shows, pollutants are emitted by a variety of sources. For example, electric utilities, part of the stationary fuel combustion category, release SO2, NOx and particles.
Tip Click the ellipsis in the upper righthand corner and check "Show Totals" to view the chart based on totals instead of percentages. Click source categories in the chart legend to hide or include, and hover over any bar to display totals by source category.
Air Pollution Can Affect Our Health and Environment in Many Ways
Numerous scientific studies have linked air pollution and specific pollutants to a variety of health problems and environmental impacts. Depending on the pollutant, people at greater risk for experiencing air pollution-related health effects may include older adults, children and those with heart and respiratory diseases — 30-second Healthy Heart video.
Health Effects Breathing elevated levels of CO reduces the amount of oxygen reaching the body’s organs and tissues. For those with heart disease, this can result in chest pain and other symptoms leading to hospital admissions and emergency department visits.
Environmental Effects Emissions of CO can contribute to the formation of CO2 and ozone, greenhouse gases that warm the atmosphere.
Health Effects The Clean Air Act lists 188 chemicals and compounds as hazardous air pollutants. These air toxics may cause a broad range of health effects depending on the specific pollutant, the amount of exposure, and how people are exposed. For example, people who inhale high levels of certain air toxics may experience eye, nose and throat irritation, and difficulty breathing. Long-term exposure to certain air toxics can cause cancer or other harmful effects, such as damage to the immune, neurological, reproductive, or respiratory system. Some air toxics contribute to ozone and particle pollution and associated health effects.
Environmental Effects Some air toxics deposit to soil and surface water and accumulate in plants and animals. With sufficient exposure to air toxics, wildlife and livestock may be harmed. Some toxic air pollutants contribute to ozone and particle pollution with associated environmental and climate effects.
Health Effects Depending on the level of exposure, lead may harm the developing nervous system of children, resulting in lower IQs, learning deficits and behavioral problems. Longer-term exposure to higher levels of lead may contribute to cardiovascular effects, such as high blood pressure and heart disease in adults.
Environmental Effects Elevated amounts of lead accumulated in soils and fresh water bodies can result in decreased growth and reproductive rates in plants and animals.
Health Effects Oxides of nitrogen are a group of highly reactive gases, for which nitrogen dioxide is the gas of greatest health concern. Short-term exposures to NO2 can aggravate respiratory diseases, particularly asthma, leading to respiratory symptoms, hospital admissions and emergency department visits. Long-term exposures to NO2 may contribute to asthma development and potentially increase susceptibility to respiratory infections.
Environmental Effects Oxides of nitrogen can react with volatile organic compounds to form ozone and with ammonia and other compounds to form particle pollution which can result in ecological impacts. Deposition of oxides of nitrogen contribute to the acidification and nutrient enrichment (eutrophication, nitrogen saturation) of soils and surface waters, ozone formation, as well as to both direct and indirect effects on vegetation, soils, and animals.
Health Effects Depending on the level of exposure, ozone can cause respiratory effects such as coughing and difficulty breathing. Ozone exposure also aggravates asthma and lung diseases such as emphysema leading to increased medication use, hospital admissions, and emergency department visits. Some studies in locations with elevated concentrations also report associations of ozone with deaths from respiratory causes. Long-term exposure to ozone is linked to aggravation of asthma and is likely to be one of many causes of asthma development.
Environmental Effects Ozone damages vegetation by injuring leaves, reducing photosynthesis, impairing reproduction and growth and decreasing crop yields. Ozone damage to plants may alter ecosystem structure, reduce biodiversity and decrease plant uptake of CO2. Ozone is also a greenhouse gas that contributes to the warming of the atmosphere.
Health Effects Short-term exposures to PM, particularly fine particles referred to as PM2.5, can cause harmful effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, including heart attacks, irregular heartbeat, aggravated asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), decreased lung function, and increased respiratory symptoms, such as irritation of the airways, coughing, or difficulty breathing. These short-term exposures and related health effects can result in emergency department visits, hospitalizations and, in some cases, premature death in people with heart or lung disease. Long-term PM exposures can lead to the development of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, respiratory diseases such as asthma, nervous system effects (e.g., cognitive effects), lung cancer, and premature mortality.
Environmental Effects Fine particles are the main cause of reduced visibility (haze) in parts of the U.S., including many national parks and wilderness areas. PM can also be carried over long distances by wind and settle on soils or surface waters. The effects of settling include: making lakes and streams acidic; changing the nutrient balance in coastal waters and large river basins; depleting the nutrients in soil; damaging sensitive forests and farm crops; and affecting the diversity of ecosystems. PM can stain and damage stone and other materials, including culturally important objects such as statues and monuments. PM can also contribute to climate effects, including radiative forcing and indirect effects on cloud brightness and changes in precipitation.
Health Effects Among the species of SOx, SO2 is the most commonly occurring in the atmosphere and the one most clearly associated with human health effects. Short-term exposures to SO2 are linked with respiratory effects including difficulty breathing and increased asthma symptoms. These effects are particularly problematic for people with asthma while breathing deeply such as when exercising or playing. Short-term exposures to SO2 have also been connected to increased emergency department visits and hospital admissions for respiratory illnesses, particularly for at-risk populations including children, older adults and those with asthma. SO2 contributes to particle formation with associated health effects.
Environmental Effects Sulfur oxides form particle pollution resulting in associated ecological effects. Deposition of sulfur oxides contributes to the acidification of soils and surface waters as well as mercury methylation in wetland areas. Acidification can cause injury to vegetation and species loss in aquatic and terrestrial systems.
Growth
For over 50 years, the Clean Air Act has played a major role in cutting pollution as the U.S. economy has grown. Despite the sharp impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic on activity in 2020, the U.S. economy remained strong.
Economic Strength with Cleaner Air
Between 1970 and 2023, the combined emissions of the six common pollutants (PM2.5 and PM10, SO2, NOx, VOCs, CO and Pb) dropped by 78%. This progress occurred while U.S. economic indicators remain strong.
Tip Click any of the legend items on the right side of the chart to hide or include trend lines. The y-axis may change based on the selections.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
The Clean Air Act directs EPA to periodically review the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Together with our Tribal, state, and local air agency partners, we have successfully implemented those standards to bring Americans cleaner air and lower risks of adverse health effects.
Criteria Pollutant Trends Show Clean Air Progress
Charts The play/pause button controls animation, or manually change the year by dragging the yellow circle in the chart or the slider's gray square.
Map Symbols indicate values above or below the most recent standard. Click any point to display annual concentration data. Double click the map to zoom in and click the home button to reset. Please be patient with map exports.
Understanding PM2.5 Composition Helps Reduce Fine Particle Pollution
The different components that make up particle pollution come from specific sources and are often formed in the atmosphere. The major components, or species, are elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), sulfate and nitrate compounds, and crustal materials such as soil and ash.
Assessing particle pollution concentrations along with composition data aids in understanding the effectiveness of pollution controls and in quantifying the impacts to public health, regional visibility, ecology and climate.
Tip Click any point to display 2000-2022 annual and quarterly PM2.5 speciation trends, and select maximize to enlarge the chart. Double click the map to zoom in and click the home button to reset.
Unhealthy Air Days Show Long-Term Improvement
The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a color-coded index EPA uses to communicate daily air pollution for ozone, particle pollution, NO2, CO and SO2. A value in the unhealthy range, above the national air quality standard for any pollutant, is of concern first for sensitive groups, then for everyone as the AQI value increases. Fewer unhealthy air quality days means better health, longevity and quality of life for all of us.
Tip Shown are the number of days in which the combined ozone and PM2.5 AQI was unhealthy for sensitive groups (orange) or above (red, purple or maroon) for the years 2000-2023. Click the bar chart, or these links, to view AQI retrospective reviews: PM2.5 or ozone.
Unhealthy air quality days vary year to year, influenced not only by pollution emissions but also by natural events, such as dust storms and wildfires , and variations in weather.
Air Quality in Nonattainment Areas Improves
EPA works collaboratively with state, local and tribal agencies to identify areas of the U.S. that do not meet the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS). These areas, known as nonattainment areas, must develop plans to reduce air pollution and attain the NAAQS.
Through successful state-led implementation, numerous areas across the country are showing improvement and fewer areas are in nonattainment. Since 2010, there were no violations of the standards for NO2.
Tip Shown is a snapshot of the 2015 ozone nonattainment area map. Click the map to view a larger interactive version that includes all current NAAQS nonattainment areas.
Visibility
Over its 50+ year history, EPA has made significant progress in protecting the magnificent views of America’s national treasures from pollution. State and federal governments are working together to improve the natural visibility in our nation’s parks and wilderness areas so that future generations can enjoy these scenic vistas.
Visibility Improves in Scenic Areas
EPA and other agencies, such as the National Park Service, monitor visibility trends in 155 of the 156 national parks and wilderness areas (i.e., Class I areas).
The map indicates most Class I areas have improving visibility or decreasing haze (indicated by the downward pointing arrows). To learn more about visibility in parks and view live webcams please visit this National Park Service website and EPA's visibility story map.
Tip Click any point to display 2000-2022 trends, and select maximize to enlarge the chart. Double click the map to zoom in and click the home button to reset.
Air Toxics
Following the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, significant improvements in public health protection occurred as a result of reductions in air toxics emissions from large industrial facilities and transportation.
Air Toxics Levels Trending Down
Ambient monitoring data through 2021 show that some of the toxic air pollutants, such as benzene, 1,3-butadiene and several metals, are declining at most sites.
Points on the map indicate the long-term statistical trend direction: decreasing, increasing and no trend. At sites depicted in gray, there is insufficient data to determine a trend.
For more detailed information, including trends for all available air toxics monitoring data, visit the Ambient Air Toxics Trends Tool.
Tip Use the dropdown menu to select a pollutant, click any point to display trends, and select maximize to enlarge the chart. Double click the map to zoom in and click the home button to reset. View a tabular summary of air toxics trends.
The NATTS trends table, included as a supplementary visual to the USA map, depicts air toxics mean concentration trends at the 27 national air toxics trends stations from 2003 to 2021. A majority of stations show decreasing or no trend in air toxics across the country.There is not enough data at this time to assess trends in monitored concentrations of ethylene oxide, a chemical for which there is growing interest. For the latest updates, please see EPA's Work to Understand Background Levels of Ethylene Oxide.
Air Toxics Cancer Risk
EPA’s AirToxScreen assessment estimates census block-level cancer risks based on modeling long-term exposure to air toxics. You can use this map to see the estimated total cancer risk, based on 2020 data, for individual census blocks.
For more detailed information, as well as downloadable files with cancer risk results, visit the AirToxScreen website.
Tip Double click the map to zoom in and click the home button to reset.
EPA is committed to providing updates to air toxics data annually to better inform people about their potential risks from air toxics. For more information, visit the Air Toxics Data Update website.
Spotlight
The Clean Air Act protects public health and welfare from air pollution emitted by a variety of sources. Congress established the law’s basic structure in 1970 and made major revisions in 1977 and 1990. Under the Clean Air Act, EPA’s work to protect air quality continually evolves to reflect the most recent science. The agency’s periodic reviews of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards are driven by advances in human health and environmental protection science.
Advancing Public Health and Environmental Protection
On February 7, 2024, EPA strengthened the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter (PM NAAQS) to protect millions of Americans from harmful and costly health impacts, such as heart attacks and premature death. EPA set the level of the health-based, annual PM2.5 standard at 9.0 micrograms per cubic meter to provide increased public health protection, consistent with the available health science.
View the interactive story map chronicling how scientific advances influenced the PM NAAQS.
Read more details about the recently completed Reconsideration of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter (PM).
Our Nation's Air Continues to Improve
However, work must continue to ensure healthy air for all communities. EPA and our partners at the state, tribal and local levels will continue to work to address the complex air quality problems we face.
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Additional Resources
Please visit other EPA air quality related websites.